Overview of the Alaskan Layered Pollution and Chemical Analysis (ALPACA) Field Experiment
William Simpson
(1, 2)
,
Jingqiu Mao
(2, 1)
,
Gilberto Fochesatto
(3)
,
Kathy S. Law
(4)
,
Peter Decarlo
(5)
,
Julia Schmale
(6)
,
Kerri Pratt
(7)
,
Steve Arnold
(8)
,
Jochen Stutz
(9)
,
Jack Dibb
(10)
,
Jessie Creamean
(11)
,
Rodney Weber
(12)
,
Brent Williams
(13, 14)
,
Becky Alexander
(15)
,
Lu Hu
(16)
,
Robert Yokelson
(16)
,
Manabu Shiraiwa
(17)
,
Stefano Decesari
(18)
,
Cort Anastasio
(19)
,
Barbara D’anna
(20)
,
Robert Gilliam
(21)
,
Athanasios Nenes
(22)
,
Jason St. Clair
(23)
,
Barbara Trost
(24)
,
James Flynn
(25)
,
Joel Savarino
(26)
,
Laura Conner
(1)
,
Nathan Kettle
(27)
,
Krista Heeringa
(27)
,
Sarah Albertin
(4)
,
Andrea Baccarini
(6)
,
Brice Barret
(28)
,
Michael Battaglia
(29)
,
Slimane Bekki
(4)
,
T.J. Brado
(24)
,
Natalie Brett
(4)
,
David Brus
(30)
,
James Campbell
(1)
,
Meeta Cesler-Maloney
(1)
,
Sol Cooperdock
(9)
,
Karolina Cysneiros de Carvalho
(13)
,
Hervé Delbarre
(31)
,
Paul Demott
(11)
,
Conor J.S. Dennehy
(32)
,
Elsa Dieudonné
(31)
,
Kayane Dingilian
(29)
,
Antonio Donateo
(33)
,
Konstantinos Doulgeris
(30)
,
Kasey Edwards
(17)
,
Kathleen Fahey
(21)
,
Ting Fang
(17, 34)
,
Fangzhou Guo
(25)
,
Laura Heinlein
(19)
,
Andrew Holen
(35)
,
Deanna Huff
(24)
,
Amna Ijaz
(20)
,
Sarah Johnson
(9)
,
Sukriti Kapur
(17)
,
Damien Ketcherside
(36)
,
Ezra Levin
(37)
,
Emily Lill
(11)
,
Allison Moon
(15)
,
Tatsuo Onishi
(4)
,
Gianluca Pappaccogli
(33)
,
Russell Perkins
(11)
,
Roman Pohorsky
(6)
,
Jean-Christophe Raut
(4)
,
François Ravetta
(4)
,
Tjarda Roberts
(38)
,
Ellis Robinson
(39)
,
Federico Scoto
(33)
,
Vanessa Selimovic
(35, 36)
,
Michael Sunday
(19)
,
Brice Temime-Roussel
(20)
,
Xinxiu Tian
(39)
,
Judy Wu
(35)
,
Yuhan Yang
(29)
1
Geophysical Institute [Fairbanks]
2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [Fairbanks]
3 College of Natural Science and Mathematics [Fairbanks]
4 TROPO - LATMOS
5 JHU - Johns Hopkins University
6 EERL - Extreme Environments Research Laboratory
7 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Ann Arbor]
8 ICAS - Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds]
9 AOS - Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Los Angeles]
10 ESRC - Earth Systems Research Center [Durham]
11 Department of Atmospheric Science [Fort Collins]
12 Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta]
13 WUSTL - Washington University in Saint Louis
14 Department of Soil, Water and Climate
15 Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle]
16 University of Montana
17 Department of Chemistry [Irvine]
18 ISAC - Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima [Bologna]
19 Department of Land, Air and Water Resources
20 LCE - Laboratoire Chimie de l'environnement
21 EPA - US Environmental Protection Agency
22 LAPI - Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts
23 GESTAR II - Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research II Center
24 ADEC - Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
25 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Houston]
26 IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement
27 IARC - International Arctic Research Center
28 LAERO - Laboratoire d'aérologie
29 School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta]
30 FMI - Finnish Meteorological Institute
31 LPCA - Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère
32 NREL - National Renewable Energy Laboratory
33 ISAC - Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima [Lecce]
34 Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust
35 Department of Chemistry [Ann Arbor]
36 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [Missoula]
37 Handix Scientific Inc.
38 LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539)
39 Department of Environmental Health and Engineering [Baltimore]
2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [Fairbanks]
3 College of Natural Science and Mathematics [Fairbanks]
4 TROPO - LATMOS
5 JHU - Johns Hopkins University
6 EERL - Extreme Environments Research Laboratory
7 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Ann Arbor]
8 ICAS - Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds]
9 AOS - Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Los Angeles]
10 ESRC - Earth Systems Research Center [Durham]
11 Department of Atmospheric Science [Fort Collins]
12 Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta]
13 WUSTL - Washington University in Saint Louis
14 Department of Soil, Water and Climate
15 Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle]
16 University of Montana
17 Department of Chemistry [Irvine]
18 ISAC - Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima [Bologna]
19 Department of Land, Air and Water Resources
20 LCE - Laboratoire Chimie de l'environnement
21 EPA - US Environmental Protection Agency
22 LAPI - Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts
23 GESTAR II - Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research II Center
24 ADEC - Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
25 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Houston]
26 IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement
27 IARC - International Arctic Research Center
28 LAERO - Laboratoire d'aérologie
29 School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta]
30 FMI - Finnish Meteorological Institute
31 LPCA - Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère
32 NREL - National Renewable Energy Laboratory
33 ISAC - Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima [Lecce]
34 Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust
35 Department of Chemistry [Ann Arbor]
36 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [Missoula]
37 Handix Scientific Inc.
38 LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539)
39 Department of Environmental Health and Engineering [Baltimore]
William Simpson
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Jingqiu Mao
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Kathy S. Law
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Peter Decarlo
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Cort Anastasio
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James Campbell
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Ting Fang
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Fangzhou Guo
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Résumé
The Alaskan Layered Pollution And Chemical Analysis (ALPACA) field experiment was a collaborative study designed to improve understanding of pollution sources and chemical processes during winter (cold climate and low-photochemical activity), to investigate indoor pollution, and to study dispersion of pollution as affected by frequent temperature inversions. A number of the research goals were motivated by questions raised by residents of Fairbanks, Alaska, where the study was held. This paper describes the measurement strategies and the conditions encountered during the January and February 2022 field experiment, and reports early examples of how the measurements addressed research goals, particularly those of interest to the residents. Outdoor air measurements showed high concentrations of particulate matter and pollutant gases including volatile organic carbon species. During pollution events, low winds and extremely stable atmospheric conditions trapped pollution below 73 m, an extremely shallow vertical scale. Tethered-balloon-based measurements intercepted plumes aloft, which were associated with power plant point sources through transport modeling. Because cold climate residents spend much of their time indoors, the study included an indoor air quality component, where measurements were made inside and outside a house to study infiltration and indoor sources. In the absence of indoor activities such as cooking and/or heating with a pellet stove, indoor particulate matter concentrations were lower than outdoors; however, cooking and pellet stove burns often caused higher indoor particulate matter concentrations than outdoors. The mass-normalized particulate matter oxidative potential, a health-relevant property measured here by the reactivity with dithiothreiol, of indoor particles varied by source, with cooking particles having less oxidative potential per mass than pellet stove particles.
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